Software of the Month Club 1996 December/Software of the Month Club 1996 December.iso/pc/dos/edu/orchis/chapters.txt

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<Chapter 1:  Introduction>

Copyright (c) 1996 Trionum Inc. All rights reserved.

ORCHIS, TRIONUM and PEP are trademarks of Trionum Inc. All other brand
and product names are trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective companies.

<Section 1.1:  What is ORCHIS?>
     The name ORCHIS stands for "Org Chart Imaging Software". ORCHIS makes
it easy to create and maintain org charts. An org chart is a picture of a
tree-like hierarchy. The most common use for such charts is to represent
the structure of an organization by a diagram of who reports to whom, but
there are many other applications. For example, org charts can represent
menu structures, decision trees, sentence parsings, or taxonomies of
plants and animals. With ORCHIS, pictures of these charts can be displayed
on your computer's monitor, printed on your printer, and saved in graphic
files compatible with other software packages.

     ORCHIS eliminates the necessity of actually drawing these charts
yourself. Using simple data forms, you enter text for each chart element
and specify its properties, such as type face and color. Using the
graphical EDIT-CHART display <[2]>, you identify how the chart elements
are linked together. The layout and drawing of the chart is done
automatically by ORCHIS. Later, you can easily add to the chart, or change
the text, properties, or linkages, and have ORCHIS instantly redraw the
chart to your new specifications.

<Section 1.2:  Getting Started>
     In order to install and use ORCHIS, you will need to be familiar with
the basic commands of the DOS operating system. If you have any questions
about using DOS, consult your operating system manual.

<Section 1.2.1:  Hardware and Software Required>
     In order to run ORCHIS you need an IBM PC compatible computer running
DOS 2.0 or a later version of DOS. You also need a color VGA display. You
do not need a hard disk, or a mouse, but both of these are recommended.

     In order to print directly from ORCHIS, you need one of the following
printers: an HP DeskJet, an HP LaserJet, a Canon Bubble Jet, a Postscript
printer such as the Apple LaserWriter, an Epson printer, an IBM graphics
printer, an IBM Color Printer, or a printer compatible with one of these.

     You can output pictures from ORCHIS to PDL files (the format of
TRIONUM's drawing program, PEP: Picture Editing Package) <[7.1]>, to PCX
files (a popular bitmap format) <[7.3]>, and to EPS files (the
encapsulated Postscript format) <[7.2]>. Many word processors and desktop
publishing packages accept graphics in these formats. Charts created in
ORCHIS can be included, in this way, into documents, presentations and
slide shows created by any of these compatible packages.

<Section 1.2.2:  Installation>
     Before you can use ORCHIS, you must identify the kind of printer that
you have and how it is connected to your computer. The utility INSTALL.EXE
supplied with ORCHIS will guide you through this simple installation
process. To be able to use ORCHIS, you must first run INSTALL. Full
instructions for installing ORCHIS are provided in Chapter <[12]>.

<Section 1.2.3:  About this Manual>
     In the present chapter, we provide the definitions and background
information necessary to understand the chapters that follow. We recommend
that you read this chapter before trying to use ORCHIS. Then if you need
information about a particular command, you will be ready to turn directly
to the relevant section in the reference chapters that follow.

     After this introductory chapter, is the main part of the ORCHIS
manual, namely the individual command descriptions in Chapters <[2]>
through <[10]>. In those chapters, you will find a complete explanation of
each of the commands available in ORCHIS.

     Chapter <[11]> describes the HELP system, which allows you to view
the information in this manual, on your computer's display, while you are
using ORCHIS. Because the HELP system is context sensitive and includes a
cross-reference facility, it is often a more convenient method of learning
about ORCHIS than referring to the physical manual would be.

<Section 1.2.4:  Some Terminology>
     The individual nodes that make up an org chart are simply called
boxes. Each box contains one or more text lines, sometimes simply call
lines. The boxes have a hierarchical ordering relation shown by the
relative positions of the boxes when the chart is drawn and the lines
drawn between them called links. The ordering relation has the structure
of a tree, but charts are drawn upside down, with the root of the tree at
the top and leaves at the bottom. <[FIG16]> shows three typical examples
of such charts.

     The relationship between a subordinate box and the box above it (for
example, the relationship of boxes 2 and 1 in the any of the charts above)
can be described in any one of the following ways:

     1 is over 2.
     2 is under 1.
     1 is the parent of 2.
     2 is a daughter of 1.

We also say that two daughters of one parent (for example boxes 2 and 3,
or boxes 6 and 7 in any of the illustrations) are sisters.

<Section 1.3:  Menus and Commands>
     ORCHIS commands are presented in a series of menus organized into a
menu hierarchy. The menu that is displayed when you first load ORCHIS is
called the top menu. Most of the commands in this menu cause new menus to
be displayed. In some cases, these new menus have commands leading to yet
other menus.

     In all of these menus, one letter in each command is underlined. To
execute a command, just type this letter. Alternatively, you can point to
a menu item with the cursor. Then, if you press the left mouse button (or
the ENTER key on your keyboard), the selected command will be executed.

For example, in the top menu, if you type "X" (for "Export"), a new menu
will appear as shown in <[FIG02]>. This new menu lists the file formats
available for exporting org chart images. If you now type "E" (for "EPS")
you will export the chart to a file in the Encapsulated PostScript format.
(See Chapter <[7]> for complete information on file export options.)

<[FIG15]> is a chart of the principal menus in ORCHIS.

<Section 1.4:  Windows>
     The ORCHIS screen is divided into three windows: a menu window, a
text window, and a chart windows. The menu window is used by ORCHIS to
display its commands. The text window is used for prompts and error
messages. The chart window is used either to display a data entry form for
one org chart box or to display the chart itself. <[FIG10]>

     A different screen layout is used when you are in the HELP system.
For more information see Chapter <[11]>.

<Section 1.5:  Data Entry Forms>
     When you load a chart into ORCHIS, the initial display in the chart
window is a data entry form for one box of that chart. Such forms are the
tools you use to change the text contents and properties of the various
boxes in the chart. A typical data entry form is shown in <[FIG17]>.

     To change a line of text, activate its entry field by using the TAB
key or by clicking on the field with the cursor. To display a property
sheet for the box or for any one of its text lines, click on the
appropriate [P]-button. You can also access property sheets through the
PROPERTIES command in the top menu. For more information on using property
sheets see Chapter <[3]>.

     The data entry form lists the boxes linked to the current box. To
switch to the entry form for another box, either use the left, right, up,
and down goto buttons in the data entry form, or display the entire chart
by using the EDIT-CHART command <[2]> and then select the new box with the
EDIT-BOX command <[2.1]>. Invoking EDIT-CHART also provides access to the
commands for creating, deleting, linking and unlinking boxes. See Chapter
<[2]> for more information on these commands.

<Section 1.6:  Scroll Bars>
     A scroll bar is a tool for using the mouse to move the view in a
given window. In ORCHIS, scroll bars may appear in the menu window, in the
chart window, or (if you are in the HELP system) in the help document
window. In this section, we will assume that you have a mouse. (If you do
not have a mouse, there are commands for adjusting window views from the
keyboard. See Chapter <[10]> for the single keystroke commands relevant to
the chart window and the menu window. See Chapter <[11]> for the commands
relevant to the help document window.)

     Scroll bars will be automatically created in the menu window, the
chart window, and the help document window whenever they are needed. For
example, the LOAD-CHART command <[5.1]> displays a menu of all available
org chart files. If there is not enough room in the menu window to display
all of the file names, a horizontal scroll bar is created at the bottom of
the window. You can use this bar, as described below, to control which
part of the file name list is to be displayed. In the chart view window,
two scroll bars are required, a horizontal bar to control left/right
motion and a vertical bar to control up/down motion.

     A scroll bar contains three buttons, an arrow button at either end
and an unmarked button that can moved freely along the bar between these.
This latter button is called the slider. The position of the slider shows
the current location of the window view in its range of possible
positions. The size of the slider shows what fraction of the range is
currently visible in the window. For example, when you shrink a chart
window (so that twice as much is displayed in it), the sliders expand to
twice their former size.

     To adjust the window view by a small amount, click on the appropriate
arrow button. One click will move a menu window or a help document window
up or down by a single line of text. A graphic window will be moved by a
small fraction of the total range of motion. If you hold down an arrow
button (that is, you click on it and do not release the mouse button), the
window motion will be automatically repeated.

     To adjust the window view by a larger amount, click on the scroll bar
outside the slider (above or below the slider on a vertical bar, to the
left or right on a horizontal bar). One click will move the window view by
one half of the size of the window.

     If you click on the slider, the mouse becomes locked to the slider.
By moving the mouse, you now move the slider. When you click a second
time, the slider and the window view become fixed in their new positions.

<Section 1.7:  Moving the Cursor>
     There are several ways to move the cursor in ORCHIS. These are
described below.

<Section 1.7.1:  Mouse>
     If you have a mouse, you can move the cursor by simply moving the
mouse.

<Section 1.7.2:  Cursor Motion Keys>
     The four arrow keys on the numerical key pad move the cursor in the
direction of the arrow. See <[FIG09]>. These keys are also called the
cursor motion keys.

<Section 1.7.3:  Automatic Motion>
     If you need to move the cursor over a large distance, using the
cursor motion keys can be tedious. If you do not have a mouse, you may
want to use the automatic cursor motion capability. You can start the
cursor moving, accelerate it, change its direction, and stop the motion
when the cursor arrives at its destination.

     To start the cursor moving, press the Grey-plus key, and then press
one of the cursor motion arrow keys. The cursor will begin to move at a
constant speed in the direction indicated by the motion key. To make the
cursor move faster, press the same key again. To change direction, press a
different cursor motion key. To stop the cursor, press the Grey-plus key a
second time.

<Section 1.8:  Moving Up The Menu Hierarchy>
     There are three ways to move up the menu hierarchy. Most menus
include an explicit QUIT or CANCEL command. This command will take you
back to the previous menu, the next higher menu in the hierarchy. The
second method is to use the super-escape key (function key F10)
<[10.1.5]>. Pressing this key takes you in a single step to the top level
menu no matter where you are in the command structure. Finally, you can
use the Escape key (ESC). Pressing this key takes you back one step in the
command execution. Often, ESC is equivalent to QUIT, taking you back to
the prior menu. Sometimes, however, it takes you back to an earlier stage
in the current operation. For example, in the EDIT-CHART menu <[2]>, when
you move a box you first choose the box you want to move and then choose a
new parent box for it. If you are at the second stage (choosing the
parent), pressing ESC takes you back to the first stage (choosing the
moving box). In any case, if you continue to press ESC, you eventually
return to the prior menu and ultimately to the top level menu. If you have
a mouse, pressing the right mouse button is equivalent to using the ESC
key.

<Section 1.9:  More about the Mouse>
     ORCHIS has been designed so that you can use a mouse if you have one,
but a mouse is by no means necessary. Every function can be accessed
directly from the keyboard. Cursor motion, in particular, can be
controlled from the keyboard in a number of ways which have been described
above.

     If you do have a mouse, pressing a mouse button is equivalent to
pressing one key on the keyboard. Pressing the left mouse button is
equivalent to pressing ENTER (carriage return). Pressing the right mouse
button is equivalent to pressing ESC (the escape key). See <[FIG11]>. In
the discussion below, we use the key names ENTER and ESC without
explicitly mentioning the mouse. In each case you can use the equivalent
mouse button instead.

<Section 1.10:  Org Chart Files>
     ORCHIS stores org charts in files with the extension "ORG". These are
pure ASCII text files using a simple context sensitive format. This simple
text based format makes it easy for third party programmers to create
compatible utilities, such as, for example, a program to automatically
generate ORCHIS files by extracting information from a data base.

     To assist such third party developers, TRIONUM will provide a file
format specification document, free of charge, to any registered user upon
request.
<Chapter 2:  Edit Chart>
     If you want to display the current chart, to delete boxes or add new
ones to the chart, or to change the linkage between boxes, then you will
need to use the EDIT-CHART command in the top menu. The display in the
chart window is then changed from the entry form for the current box to a
WYSIWYG display of the org chart as it would be printed. A new menu also
appears. Using this menu, you can add, delete and move the boxes that make
up the chart. You can also select a box to edit, displaying its entry form
and returning to the top menu.

     The commands that operate on a box (for example, DELETE-BOX <[2.4]>)
begin by asking you to designate the box to be operated on. When prompted
to select a box, position the cursor on the box you want to pick and press
the left mouse button or the keyboard ENTER key.

     Note that after completing a MOVE <[2.2]>, DELETE <[2.4]>, or CLONE
<[2.3]> operation, you can perform another operation of the same type
without having to invoke the command a second time. For example, you can
duplicate several boxes by invoking the CLONE-BOX command once and then
selecting the target boxes one at a time with the cursor.

<Section 2.1:  Edit Box>
     Use the EDIT-BOX command if you want to change the contents or
properties of one of the boxes in the chart. If you invoke this command
and then select the box you want to edit, ORCHIS will return to the top
menu after opening that box for editing and displaying its entry form in
the chart window. Then you can change the contents and properties of that
box as described in Chapters <[1]> and <[3]>.

<Section 2.2:  Move Box>
     Use the MOVE-BOX command if you want to change the linkage between
boxes. If you invoke this command, you will be prompted first to select
the box to be moved and then to select a new parent for that box. The
moved box becomes the last daughter of its new parent. It will be the
lowest daughter in a vertical branch or the rightmost daughter in a
horizontal branch.

     If the new parent is the same box as the old parent, the effect of
the command is simply to re-arrange the order of the boxes under this
parent. You can produce any ordering of the daughters of a box by using
the MOVE-BOX command in this way.

<Section 2.3:  Clone Box>
     Use the CLONE-BOX command to make an exact duplicate of a given box
in the chart. If you invoke this command and select a box to be
duplicated, a new box is created with the same contents and properties as
the selected box. Initially, the new box is not linked to other boxes; it
is displayed at the top of the chart.

<Section 2.4:  Delete Box>
     Use the DELETE-BOX command to remove a box from the chart. When you
invoke this command and select a box to be deleted, ORCHIS will remove
that box from the chart. Once removed, the deleted box cannot be
recovered; therefore, ORCHIS asks for verification for each box deleted.

     If the deleted box had daughters, they are moved up in the chart to
become daughters of the box that was the parent of the box just deleted.

<Section 2.5:  Unlink Box>
     Use the UNLINK-BOX command to detach a box from its parent without
attaching it to a new parent. The unlinked box is displayed at the top of
the chart. Note that this command does not unlink the box from its
daughters.

<Section 2.6:  New Box>
     Use the NEW-BOX command to add a box to the chart. When you invoke
this command a new box is created and added to the chart. The new box is
not linked to other boxes. Initially, all of the text fields are empty and
all of the properties are set to their default values.

     Note that it is often more efficient to use the CLONE-BOX command
<[2.3]> to add a box to the chart, duplicating the box whose contents and
properties most nearly match the box you are trying to create.

<Section 2.7:  Expand>
     Use the EXPAND command to expand the display in the chart window.
Specifically, the window's magnification is doubled. The window displays
half as much of the chart in each direction, but the displayed elements
are twice as large. EXPAND performs a zoom-in operation.

<Section 2.8:  Shrink>
     Use the SHRINK command to contract the display in the chart window.
The window's magnification is reduced by 1/2. The window displays twice as
much of the chart in each direction, but the displayed elements are only
half as large. SHRINK performs a zoom-out operation.

<Chapter 3:  Properties>
     If you want to change the properties of a box or a line of text, then
you will need to use the PROPERTIES command in the top menu. Every box and
every text line has an associated sheet of properties, and these
properties can be set independently in every box and line in the chart.
Initially, these properties have default values that apply to the entire
chart. These defaults are established through the DEFAULTS command <[4.3]>
in the DEFINE-FORM menu. However, you can individualize any box or text
line by using the PROPERTIES command.

     For example, you may want to use a larger type size for boxes higher
in the chart, display fewer lines per box at lower levels, orient some
branches horizontally and others vertically, or use type face or color to
distinguish certain boxes from the others.

     When you invoke the PROPERTIES command, a property sheet is displayed
in the chart window. This sheet shows the properties of the current box.
Default property values are displayed in red within square brackets.
Non-defaults are displayed in gold without brackets.

     You can also display property sheets for each line of text in the
current box by using the NEXT-LINE <[3.1]> and FORMER-LINE <[3.2]>
commands (or the PGDN and PGUP keys). Note that property sheets for lines
and those for boxes differ. Certain properties, such as COLOR, appear in
both types of sheet. Others appear in one type of sheet only. For example,
BRANCH-TYPE, which controls how the daughters of a box are to be arranged,
is a property of boxes only; DIVIDE-BELOW, which draws a horizontal line
to separate a text line from those below it, is a property of text lines
and not of boxes.

     The illustration <[FIG04]> shows a portion of the property sheet for
a box and a portion of the sheet for one its lines.

     Each sheet is a list of fields. Each field is labeled with a property
name (for example, COLOR) and contains that property value (for example,
RED). To change a property, click on the current value with the cursor,
or, on the keyboard, type the underlined character in the property name.

     LINE-WEIGHT <[3.8]>, TYPE-SIZE <[3.13]>, and TYPE-WIDTH <[3.14]> are
numerical properties. After selecting one of these, enter a new value via
the keyboard (using the open square bracket key to represent the default
value) and press ENTER. When you select one of the other properties, a
pop-up menu appears displaying the possible values for that property
(including "[DEFAULT]"). Make a selection either by clicking on the value
that you want with the cursor, or by typing the underlined character in
the value name.

     Note that the first field in each sheet (CHANGING) is not itself a
property, but rather controls which boxes are affected by changes to the
sheet. (See <[3.3]>).

<Section 3.1:  Next Line>
     Use the NEXT-LINE command to display the property sheet for the line
below the current line. If a box property sheet is currently displayed,
NEXT-LINE switches to the sheet for the first text line of that box.

<Section 3.2:  Former Line>
     Use the FORMER-LINE command to display the property sheet for the
line above the current line. If the property sheet of the first line is
currently displayed, FORMER-LINE switches to the sheet for the box as a
whole.

<Section 3.3:  Changing>
     The CHANGING field is not associated with a property, but rather
controls which boxes will be affected by changes to the current sheet. The
values for this field are:

     This box only
     This box and below
     Boxes at this depth
     This depth and below
     Boxes at this height
     This height and below
     This box and sisters
     Sisters and below

The depth of a box is its distance down from the top of the chart. The
height of a box is its distance up from the bottom. See <[FIG05]>. The
root of the chart has a depth of one. The leaves of the chart have a
height of one.

     For example, to change the color of every box in the chart to purple,
display the property sheet of the top box in the chart, set CHANGING to
"This box and below", and then set COLOR to "Purple". The top box and all
boxes below it (in other words, every box in the chart) will now be
colored purple.

     As another example, it is easy to construct a chart in which the
branches are horizontal except for the lowest level, for which the
branches are vertical. This popular chart design is shown in the
illustration <[FIG06]>. To construct it, start with a horizontal chart,
select any box of height two (one level up from a leaf), display its
property sheet, set CHANGING to "Boxes at this height", and, finally, set
BRANCH-TYPE to "Vertical".

<Section 3.4:  Branch Type>
     The BRANCH-TYPE property of a box determines the arrangement in which
the daughters of the box are drawn. This property has four possible
values. In a HORIZONTAL branch, the daughters are drawn from left to
right, all on the same level under their parent box. In a STAGGERED
branch, the daughters are also drawn from left to right, but they
alternate between two different levels under the parent. In a VERTICAL
branch, the daughters line up vertically under their parent. In a
TWO-SIDED branch, the daughters form two vertical columns. The four values
for BRANCH-TYPE are shown in the illustration <[FIG01]>.

     Note that changing the BRANCH-TYPE of a leaf will have no effect
unless daughters are subsequently attached to it.

<Section 3.5:  Divide Below>
     DIVIDE-BELOW is a property of text lines. It has two possible values.
If the value is YES, then a horizontal line is drawn beneath the text to
separate it from the text lines below. If the value is NO, then a dividing
horizontal line is not drawn.

     Note that changing the DIVIDE-BELOW value of the last text line in a
box will have no effect unless additional lines are subsequently appended
to the box.

<Section 3.6:  Hidden Line>
     HIDDEN-LINE is a property of text lines.  All boxes in a chart have
the same number of lines in their entry forms. The HIDDEN-LINE property
makes it possible for boxes to have different numbers of lines in
displayed or printed chart output.

     There are three possible values. If the value is YES, then the text
line is suppressed when the chart is being drawn for display, printing, or
export. If the value is NO, then the text line is included in the chart.
Even if the line contains no characters, an empty region of the chart will
still be allocated for it. If the value is IF-BLANK, then the text line
will be shown except that no space is reserved if the line is empty. The
line is hidden if blank.

<Section 3.7:  Drop Shadow>
     DROP-SHADOW is a property of boxes. It has two possible values. If
the value is YES, then a dark band is drawn at the right and bottom of the
box in imitation of a shadow, as if the box were raised and illuminated
from the upper left. If the value is NO, then the shadow is not drawn.

<Section 3.8:  Line Weight>
     LINE-WEIGHT is a property of boxes. It has a numerical value which
controls the thickness of the frame rectangle around the box, of the
DIVIDE-BELOW lines, if any, and of the link lines connecting the box to
its daughters. LINE-WEIGHT is expressed in printer pixels. If you specify
a value of 0, all of these lines will be invisible. A value of 1 produces
the thinnest possible lines.

<Section 3.9:  Equal Size>
     EQUAL-SIZE is a property of boxes. It is used to guarantee that a
chosen set of boxes (possibly every box in the chart) will all have the
same physical size. There a four possible values: YES, NO, WIDTH-ONLY, and
HEIGHT-ONLY. The YES setting marks a box for both width and height
equalization. All boxes marked YES or WIDTH-ONLY will have the same
horizontal size (namely as wide as needed to accommodate the longest text
string in any of these boxes). All boxes marked YES or HEIGHT-ONLY will
have the same vertical size.

<Section 3.10:  Hide Frame>
     HIDE-FRAME is a property of boxes. It has two possible values. If the
value is YES, then the frame rectangle around the box and the DIVIDE-BELOW
lines, if any, are not drawn. If the value is NO, then these lines are
drawn.

     Note that setting the LINE-WEIGHT <[3.8]> property to 0, also makes
the frame invisible, but doing so removes the link lines as well.

<Section 3.11:  Assistant>
     ASSISTANT is a property of boxes. It determines whether a box is to
be drawn in the assistant position under its parent, that is, above all
other daughters and to the left of the vertical link line under the
parent. (See the accompanying illustration <[FIG07]>.) If the value is
YES, the box is drawn in the assistant position. If it is NO, the box is
drawn in its normal position as a daughter of its parent. Note that
changing this property in a box that has no parent will have no effect
unless the box is subsequently moved under a parent.

     Note that assistants do not have to be leaves in the org chart tree.
They can have daughters and even assistants of their own. In such a case,
the entire branch headed by an assistant box is drawn in the assistant
position.

<Section 3.12:  Type Face>
     TYPE-FACE is a property of both boxes and text lines. For a text
line, it controls the font in which that line is drawn. For a box, it
controls the font of all the text lines in the box except those lines that
have a non-default TYPE-FACE property of their own. The tables below list
the available ORCHIS fonts and the corresponding fonts used to represent
them during PostScript and EPS output.

     These fonts are available in the shareware and registered versions:

     Orchis font:      PostScript font:

     Boric             Times
     Salem             Helvetica
     Script            ZapfChancery
     Bopface           Bookman
     Beamof            Palatino
     English           AvantGarde

     These fonts are available in the registered version only:

     Medford           AvantGarde
     Hello             Helvetica
     Boric Italic      Times Italic
     Boric Bold        Times Bold
     Boric Light       Times
     Boric X-bold      Times Bold
     Script Bold       ZapfChancery
     Hello Light       Helvetica

<Section 3.13:  Type Size>
     TYPE-SIZE is a property of both boxes and text lines. For a text
line, it controls the height of the characters in that line. For a box, it
controls the height of all text lines in the box except those lines that
have a non-default TYPE-SIZE property of their own. The value of TYPE-SIZE
is a number expressing this height in points. One inch equals seventy-two
points.

<Section 3.14:  Type Width>
     TYPE-WIDTH is a property of both boxes and text lines. For a text
line, it controls the width of the characters in that line. For a box, it
controls the width of all text lines in the box except those lines that
have a non-default TYPE-WIDTH of their own. The value of TYPE-WIDTH is a
number expressing the width as a percentage of the normal width for text
of the given type size. Reducing the TYPE-WIDTH value narrows the
characters; increasing it makes them wider.

<Section 3.15:  Justify>
     JUSTIFY is a property of both boxes and text lines. For a text line,
it controls the justification of the text in that line. For a box, it
controls the justification of all text lines in the box except those lines
that have a non-default justification of their own. There are five
possible values: LEFT, RIGHT, CENTER, EVEN, and AUTOMATIC. The first four
of these are shown in the accompanying illustration <[FIG08]>.

     If the value is AUTOMATIC, then ORCHIS will choose a justification
(LEFT, RIGHT, CENTER, or EVEN) as appropriate, depending on the context of
the box in its chart.

<Section 3.16:  Color>
     COLOR is a property of both boxes and text lines. For a text line, it
controls the color in which that text is drawn. For a box, it controls the
color of the frame rectangle, the DIVIDE-BELOW lines, the links to
daughter boxes, and the color of all text lines in the box except those
lines that have a non-default color of their own. The nominal COLOR values
are: BLACK, RED, BLUE, YELLOW, GREEN, BROWN, MAGENTA, CYAN, ORANGE, LIME,
GRAY, PINK, PURPLE, GOLD, and OLIVE. The actual colors rendered will
depend on the characteristics of your display and printer.

<Chapter 4:  Define Form>
     If you want to increase or decrease the number of lines of text in
the boxes of a chart, or to alter the labeling of these lines in the entry
forms, or to change the default properties of boxes or of individual text
lines, then you will need to use the DEFINE-FORM command in the top menu.
When you invoke this command, a new menu is displayed. Using this menu you
can change the number of lines per box and you can set the default
properties. Also, a special entry form is displayed. The text fields in
this form contain the strings used to label the lines in the entry forms
for the individual boxes.

     For example, the default chart created when ORCHIS is first loaded
has three lines per box, and these lines are labeled "Name", "Title" and
"Comments" respectively. Invoking the DEFINE-FORM command will display the
entry form illustrated in <[FIG03]>.

<Section 4.1:  Add Line>
     Use the ADD-LINE command to place additional text lines in the boxes
of the current chart. When you invoke this command, a new field is added
to the special entry form in the chart window. You are asked to select
which field in this form is to be the new field. In this way, the new line
can be added above, below, or in the middle of the existing text lines.
The new field is initially blank. Select the new field with the cursor or
by using the TAB key if you want to supply a label for that field in the
entry forms for this chart.

     Note that all boxes in a given chart have the same number of text
lines in their entry forms. When you use the ADD-LINE command, you are
adding a new line to every box in the chart. Initially, this line will be
blank. If you want to show fewer lines in some boxes than in others, you
can use the HIDDEN-LINE property, which can be turned on and off for
individual lines independently in the various boxes of the chart.

<Section 4.2:  Remove Line>
     Use the REMOVE-LINE command to delete text lines in the boxes of the
current chart. When you invoke this command, you are prompted to select
the field that you want to delete. Position the cursor in the chosen field
and press the left mouse button or the keyboard ENTER key. The selected
line will be deleted from every box in the chart. Once a line is removed,
the deleted information cannot be recovered; therefore, ORCHIS requires a
verification for each line removed by this command.

<Section 4.3:  Defaults>
     Use the DEFAULTS command to change the default values for the various
properties of boxes and text lines. When you set a property value here, it
will apply everywhere in the chart, except for those boxes in which it is
overridden by an explicitly set property value.

     When you invoke the DEFAULTS command, a property sheet is displayed
containing the default values for all box properties. You can then use the
NEXT-LINE <[3.1]> and FORMER-LINE <[3.2]> commands (or the PGDN and PGUP
keys) to display the default properties for the various text lines. (You
can also bypass the DEFAULTS command and display any of these default
property sheets directly by clicking on the appropriate [P]-button in the
entry form for the DEFINE-FORM menu).

     Default sheets are manipulated in the same way as ordinary property
sheets. For complete information on using property sheets see Chapter
<[3]>.

<Chapter 5:  Chart File Operations>

<Section 5.1:  Load Chart>
     If you want to load an org chart file from your disk into your
computer's memory for the purpose of viewing the chart, changing it,
printing it, or exporting it in a graphic format, then you will want to
use the LOAD-CHART command in the top menu.

     When you invoke this command, you are presented with a menu of all
files in the current directory with the extension "ORG". The current
directory is the directory that was active in DOS when ORCHIS was loaded.
The following method is used when choosing an item from this menu. The
items listed are displayed alphabetically. The menu appears with an
initial item highlighted. As you begin to type a name, at each keystroke
the highlight moves to the first entry compatible with the keys typed so
far. At any point, you can select the highlighted entry by pressing ENTER.
The highlight can also be moved with the Up-Arrow, Down-Arrow, Home, and
End keys. If the list of names is too large to fit in the menu window at
one time, you can use Left-Arrow and Right-Arrow to move the highlight
into successive menu pages. Also, you can highlight an item by simply
pointing to it with the cursor.

     The LOAD-CHART command also displays a file name input form in the
chart window. This is an entry form with a single field used for entering
a file specification. If you want to load an org chart file from a device
or directory other than the current directory, activate the entry field in
the file name form by pressing the TAB key or clicking on the field with
the cursor. Then identify the file you want to load by entering the target
file name, optionally adding device, path, and file extension information
as required.

     Note that the current org chart is not automatically saved to disk
when another is loaded. If unsaved work would be lost by a LOAD-CHART
operation, you will be prompted for verification first.

<Section 5.2:  Save Chart>
     After creating or modifying a chart, if you want to save the results
from your computer's memory to a file on disk, you will need to use the
SAVE-CHART command in the top menu. When you invoke this command, a file
name input form is displayed in the chart window and its entry field is
activated for text input. Initially, this field contains the file
specification of the last performed LOAD-CHART or SAVE-CHART operation. To
save to this file, simply press the ENTER key. To save to another file,
enter the file name only (if your are saving to the current directory) or
optionally add device, path, and file extension information as required.

<Section 5.3:  New Chart>
     The NEW-CHART command erases all chart data in your computer's
memory, and constructs a default chart as though ORCHIS had just been
loaded. If unsaved work would be lost, you are asked to verify before the
deletion takes place. Only the chart data loaded into ORCHIS are erased;
chart files on disk are not affected by this command.

<Chapter 6:  Titles>
     Using the TITLES command, you can place one or two headlines at the
top of the chart. When you invoke the TITLES command, a title input form
is displayed in the chart window. This form has two text fields for the
two possible headlines. As in other entry forms, to change a line of text,
activate its entry field by using the TAB key or by clicking on the field
with the cursor. Titles are always positioned in the center above the rest
of the chart. Once you have created titles, you can access the title input
form by selecting the titles using the EDIT-BOX <[2.1]> command in the
EDIT-CHART menu.

     Most of the properties that apply to a chart box or text line also
apply to the title box at the top of the chart or to the individual
titles. For example, you can display a frame around the titles with an
optional drop shadow, and you can control type size and font. Certain
properties (for example, BRANCH-TYPE and ASSISTANT) do not apply to
titles.

     To display a property sheet for the titles box or for either of the
individual titles, click on the appropriate [P]-button in the title input
form. You can also access these sheets through the PROPERTIES command in
the TITLES menu. For more information on using property sheets, see
Chapter <[3]>.

     To remove titles from a chart, either delete the title text using the
title input form, or select the titles using the DELETE-BOX command
<[2.4]> in the EDIT-CHART menu.

<Chapter 7: Export>
     Using the EXPORT command, you can save the current chart image as a
graphic file. Three graphic formats are supported. Files in these formats
can be imported into a wide variety of other programs including desktop
publishing software, word processors, drawing programs, and presentation
packages. In this way, charts created in ORCHIS can be annotated and
graphically enhanced, and they can be included in documents, pictures, and
slide shows created by any of these compatible packages.

     When you invoke the EXPORT command, you are prompted to choose one of
the three supported graphic file formats. After you have specified a
format, a file name input form is displayed in the chart window and its one
field is activated for text input. Enter an output file name and optionally
add device, path, and file extension information if needed. Press the ENTER
key, and your chart image will be exported in the format chosen.

<Section 7.1: PDL>
     PDL (Picture Description Language) is the file format of Trionum's
PEP: Picture Editing Package <[FIG00]>. PEP is an innovative drawing and
layout program for PC compatible computers running under DOS. It is
designed for the non-artist who needs to produce diagrams, illustrations,
or high quality drawings of any sort. You can use PEP to annotate charts,
add decorative borders and ornaments, and incorporate other stylistic
variations, such as dashed lines, and bold or italic text, not directly
supported by ORCHIS.

     PEP's many features include: multiple windows, arbitrary zoom, WYSIWYG
display, background printing, infinite un-delete, scalable fonts, rulers,
snapping, a powerful collection of menu driven commands, and complete
on-line documentation.

     PDL is a smoothly scalable, vector based, resolution independent
graphic file format.

<Section 7.2: EPS>
     EPS is the Encapsulated PostScript file format. It is a scalable,
resolution independent format accepted by a wide variety of software
packages. It is primarily useful when the ultimate hardcopy output device
supports the PostScript language.

<Section 7.3: PCX>
     PCX is a popular bitmap file format, widely supported by paint
programs, word processors, publishing packages, and FAX software. Because
PCX is bit oriented, it is not smoothly scalable, and PCX files are
normally substantially larger than the corresponding PDL or EPS files.

<Chapter 8:  Print>
     If you want to print the currently loaded chart, you will need to use
the PRINT command in the top menu. First make sure that your printer is
ready to operate; then, invoke the PRINT command. You are then prompted to
choose an printing orientation. There are two choices.  PORTRAIT is the
normal orientation, with the shorter edge of the page oriented
horizontally, and the longer edge vertically. LANDSCAPE is the sideways
orientation, with the shorter edge oriented vertically and the longer edge
horizontally. See <[FIG14]>.

     Choosing the orientation starts the printing task. However, if the
chart is too large to fit on a single page, another menu appears by which
you can choose one of the output options for oversize charts: SHRINK,
TRUNCATE, or MULTI-PAGE.

     Printing is performed in the background. You can continue working on
the current chart, load another chart, or perform any ORCHIS operation
while printing is in progress. However, only one print task can be
scheduled at a time; the current print job must complete before another
can be started.

<Section 8.1:  Portrait>
     Use the PORTRAIT command to select portrait orientation and start
printing output.

<Section 8.2:  Landscape>
     Use the LANDSCAPE command to select landscape orientation and start
printing output.

<Section 8.3:  Oversize Charts>
     If the chart image you want to print is too large to fit on a single
page, a new menu is displayed after you choose the orientation. This menu
offers four options for printing the oversize image.

     Note:  the size of the chart image is determined by a combination of
factors, the type sizes, line weights, chart geometry, and so forth. Often
the overriding factor will be the default type sizes set in the
DEFINE-FORM menu. In such a case, the size of the chart can be effectively
controlled simply by changing these defaults.

<Section 8.3.1:  Shrink>
     The SHRINK command prints the oversize chart at a smaller size so
that the entire image will fit on a single page. The orientation of the
image and the ratio of its height and width are not altered.

<Section 8.3.2:  Multi-page>
     The MULTI-PAGE command uses as many pages as required to print the
chart at its normal size. Pages are printed in the following order. First,
the top row of pages is printed, beginning with the upper left corner of
the image and proceeding to the right. Then, the second row is printed,
then the third and so on.

<Section 8.3.3:  Truncate>
     The TRUNCATE command prints as much of the chart as will fit on a
single page, and ignores the parts that will not fit. In effect, it prints
the first page of a multi-page image, and then stops.

<Section 8.3.4:  Cancel>
     The CANCEL command kills the requested print of the oversize chart
and returns to the top menu. Choose this option if you want to re-edit the
chart, or change its properties or defaults before printing.

<Chapter 9:  Quitting ORCHIS>
     The QUIT command is used to exit from ORCHIS. Any work which has not
been saved to a file is lost, but you are asked to verify before this
happens. Before exiting, ORCHIS waits for all print tasks to complete.

<Section 9.1:  Exit>
     The EXIT command terminates execution of ORCHIS and returns to DOS.

<Section 9.2:  Cancel>
     The CANCEL command cancels the QUIT request and returns to the ORCHIS
top menu.

<Chapter 10:  Keys with Special Functions>
     This chapter describes the single keystroke commands:  the function
keys, the numerical key pad keys, and certain control keys used when
editing text strings.

<Section 10.1:  Function Keys>

<Section 10.1.1:  F1: Help>
     Pressing F1 at any time activates the HELP system, which gives you
on-line access to the entire text of the ORCHIS manual. The portion of the
manual which appears is indexed to the current menu and the current
operation. The HELP system is fully described in Chapter <[11]>.

<Section 10.1.2:  F2: Complete screen redisplay>
     If you press F2 at any time, the entire ORCHIS screen display will be
erased and redrawn.

<Section 10.1.3:  F3: Total Mode Toggle>
     This command is available when you are displaying a chart. It toggles
between two modes governing the display in the chart window: TOTAL (the
chart image is stretched or shrunk to exactly fill the window) and PARTIAL
(a portion of the chart is displayed according to position and stretch
information associated with the window). F3 has no effect if you are
displaying a form.

<Section 10.1.4:  F4: Center Window at Cursor>
     This command is available when you are displaying a chart. It first
toggles out of TOTAL display if necessary, and then moves the view in the
chart window so that the new center of the window is the point that was
occupied by the cursor at the moment the F4 command was invoked.

     F3 and F4 can be used in combination to navigate rapidly about the
chart. First press F3 to toggle into TOTAL display. Point with the cursor
at the box in the chart you want to examine, and then press F4. ORCHIS
will toggle out of TOTAL mode, and display the selected box at the center
of the chart window.

     F4 has no effect if you are displaying a form.

<Section 10.1.5:  F10: Super-Escape>
     Use the super-escape key, F10, to return in a single step from the
current menu to the ORCHIS top menu. This command is equivalent to
pressing the escape key again and again until you reach the top level
menu.

<Section 10.2:  NumPad Key Commands>
     The keys of the numerical key pad are used to move the cursor, to
shift the view when a chart is displayed, and to move to neighboring boxes
when forms are displayed. These keys have different functions when in the
HELP system. See Chapter <[11]> for more information.

<Section 10.2.1:  Cursor Motion Keys>
     Pressing an arrow key in the numerical keypad moves the cursor a
single step in the direction of the arrow. See <[FIG09]>.

<Section 10.2.2:  Shift Arrow Keys>
     In chart view, holding down a shift key while pressing an arrow key
moves the chart display view by one half of the window size in the
direction of the arrow. Thus pressing shift-right moves the chart window
to the right (picture elements appear to move to the left inside the
window).

     In form view, the shift-arrow keys move from the current box to one
of its neighbors. Shift-up moves to the parent box of the current box.
Shift-left and shift-right move to its sisters. Shift-down moves to the
first daughter of the current box.

<Section 10.2.3:  Shift Corner Keys>
     In chart view, holding down a shift key while pressing the Home key
causes the chart display window to be re-positioned at the extreme upper
left corner of the chart. Similarly, shift-PgUp moves the chart window to
the upper right corner of the chart. Shift-PgDn and Shift-End move to the
lower right and lower left corners respectively. See <[FIG12]>. These keys
have no effect in form view.

<Section 10.2.4:  Grey Plus Key>
     This key enables and disables automatic cursor motion. Press the
Grey-plus key followed by a cursor motion arrow key to start the cursor
moving at a constant rate in the direction indicated by the arrow. Press
the same cursor motion key again to accelerate the motion. Press a
different cursor motion key to change the direction. Press the Grey-plus
key again to stop the motion.

<Section 10.3:  Text Editing Control Keys>
     When you are editing a text string, a number of control key commands
become available, and the command menu is replaced by a list of these. The
new commands are:

     Ctrl-F: move text cursor forward 1 character
     Ctrl-B: move text cursor back 1 character
     Ctrl-A: move text cursor to start of line
     Ctrl-E: move text cursor to end of line
     Ctrl-K: delete from cursor to end of line

<Chapter 11:  Help>
     The entire ORCHIS manual is available for on-line viewing via the
indexed HELP system. At any time, when you are using ORCHIS, you can press
F1 to activate HELP. A new screen layout is then created containing four
windows: a prompt window, a menu window, a graphic window and a document
window. The document window displays a portion of the ORCHIS manual text.
If there is an illustration accompanying the displayed text, it will
appear in the graphic window. See the illustration <[FIG13]>.

     The HELP system is context sensitive. The portion of the document
initially displayed depends on the state of ORCHIS when HELP is invoked.
ORCHIS attempts to display the portion of the document relevant to your
current operation. The choice depends on the current menu being displayed
and on the last command executed.

     While the HELP system is active, the NumPad keys on the keyboard are
detached from the cursor. (The cursor can only be moved via the mouse).
Instead the NumPad keys control the text displayed in the document window.
The up arrow (or left arrow) moves the displayed text backwards one line.
The down arrow (or right arrow) moves the displayed text forward one line.
PGUP and PGDN move the text display backwards or forwards one page. HOME
and END position the text at the start and end of the current chapter,
respectively.

     When the discussion at one place in the document refers to
information located in a different section, there will often be a
cross-reference mark in the HELP display at that place. This mark consists
of a section number in square brackets displayed in red. If you have a
mouse, you can access the referenced section by positioning the cursor on
the cross-reference mark and pressing the left mouse button. This is
called clicking on the reference. If you do not have a mouse, you can use
the GOTO command <[11.8]> described below to display the new section.

     Illustrations appear in the document text as figure references. These
are highlighted strings of the form "FIGxx" appearing in square brackets,
where "xx" is the figure number. You can click on a figure reference to
display that figure temporarily in the document window, pressing ESC when
you want to restore the normal document display. The same operation can be
performed with the ZOOM command <[11.9]> described below.

<Section 11.1:  Up>
     The UP command moves the document display backwards to display the
previous page of document text. The same function can be invoked by
pressing the page up key, PGUP. This command only moves within the
currently displayed chapter. To move to another chapter use the GOTO
command <[11.8]> described below.

<Section 11.2:  Top>
     The TOP command moves the document display to the top of the current
chapter. The same function can be invoked by pressing the HOME key.

<Section 11.3:  Down>
     The DOWN command moves the document display forwards to display the
following page of document text. The same function can be invoked by
pressing the page down key, PGDN. This command only moves within the
currently displayed chapter. To move to another chapter use the GOTO
command <[11.8]> described below.

<Section 11.4:  Bottom>
     The BOTTOM command moves the document display to the bottom of the
current chapter. The same function can be invoked by pressing the END key.

<Section 11.5:  Contents>
     The CONTENTS command displays the table of contents of the ORCHIS
manual. There is one entry for each section of the manual. Each entry
includes the section number and the section title. The HELP system treats
the table of contents like any other chapter of the document. All of the
HELP commands (UP, DOWN, SEARCH, REPEAT, etc.) are equally applicable to
the table of contents. When you have located the section that you wish to
consult, simply click on its section number in the table of contents to go
to that section of the document. You can also use the GOTO command
<[11.8]> described below to display that section.

<Section 11.6:  Search>
     With the SEARCH command you can search the current chapter (or table
of contents) for the first occurrence of a given word. The search begins
at the top of the current chapter. The search ignores the distinction
between upper and lower case; either case of a letter counts as a match
for that letter. If you want to find additional occurrences of the same
word use the REPEAT command <[11.7]> described below.

     To operate the SEARCH command press the command letter, type in the
word you want to search for and press ENTER. ORCHIS will locate the first
occurrence of the string you typed, and will display it highlighted in red
in the document window.

     The SEARCH command is particularly useful for searching the table of
contents to find the sections referring to a particular topic. See the
CONTENTS command <[11.5]> described above.

<Section 11.7:  Repeat>
     After you have used the SEARCH command <[11.6]> to find the first
occurrence of a given word, you can use the REPEAT command to find
subsequent occurrences of the same word within the current chapter. Press
the command letter to locate the second occurrence. Continue pressing the
command letter to find the third and subsequent occurrences.

<Section 11.8:  Goto>
     To display a particular chapter or section in the document window use
the GOTO command. Press the command letter, then type in the desired
section number and press ENTER. The designated section will be displayed
in the document window.

     Section numbers consist of one, two, or three numbers separated by
periods. For example, 10, 10.2, and 10.2.4 are possible sections numbers.
The first number is the chapter number; the second is the section number
and the third the sub-section number. To find the section number of the
section that you want to consult, use the CONTENTS command <[11.5]> to
display the table of contents of the manual.

<Section 11.9:  Zoom>
     The ZOOM command temporarily replaces the document window display
with a magnified copy of the illustration displayed in the graphics
window. Press the command letter a second time (or press ESC) to restore
the document text display.

<Chapter 12:  Installation>
     Before you can run ORCHIS, you need to answer two questions about
your hardware configuration:

     1. What kind of a printer do you have and
     2. How does your computer send data to your printer?

To supply this information to ORCHIS, run the installation utility,
INSTALL.EXE. INSTALL is a simple, menu-driven program, and you should have
no difficulty in using it.

     If you have a hard disk, begin by making a directory for ORCHIS and
copying the contents of your ORCHIS disk into that directory. Then run
INSTALL. If you do not have a hard disk, you can run INSTALL on a diskette
drive. In that case, you should start by making a backup copy of your
ORCHIS disk.

     When you start up INSTALL, you are presented with a short series of
menus. Each menu item begins with a digit. Type the digit of the item you
want to select, and the next menu appears. At any point, you can use the
escape key to cancel the last choice and return to a prior menu. When you
have finished specifying your hardware configuration, INSTALL displays the
choices that you have made and gives you the option of installing those
choices or restarting from the beginning. Later, if you change your
hardware configuration, you can just run INSTALL again. Then you will be
able to use ORCHIS with the new configuration.

     After installing ORCHIS, you will probably want to add the ORCHIS
directory to your DOS path. (Running INSTALL does not change your
CONFIG.SYS or AUTOEXEC.BAT files). Putting ORCHIS in your DOS path makes
it more convenient to keep org chart data files in directories other than
the ORCHIS home directory.

<Section 12.1:  What kind of a printer do you have?>
     ORCHIS supports seven kinds of printer: the HP DeskJet, the HP
LaserJet, the Canon Bubble Jet, the Postscript printers (such as the Apple
LaserWriter), the Epson printers (FX80 or later), the IBM graphics
printer, the IBM color printer, and any printer compatible with one of
these.

<Section 12.1.1:  DeskJet>
     If you specify a DeskJet printer, you also need to choose whether to
produce color or black and white output.

     If your printer does not support color output, you must choose the
second option (black & white only). Attempting to print in color would
produce unpredictable results. Otherwise, you may choose either option.
Choose the black & white option to convert all colors to black. Printer
output is substantially faster in this case, and a darker black is
produced if your ink cartridge contains a true black ink. If you choose
the color option, the 16 display colors are mapped into 8 printer colors.
(Green and lime, for example, will print as the same color.) Black
elements are printed using a composite of three different inks.

     Remember that you can always run INSTALL again to change your
selections, for example, if you change the type of ink cartridge in your
printer.

<Section 12.1.2:  LaserJet>
     The registered version of ORCHIS offers enhanced printing for the
LaserJet III and IV. If you specify  a LaserJet printer, you will be asked
whether you have an earlier version (LaserJet I or II), or a more recent
version (LaserJet III or IV). The latter printers use compression
techniques that speed the transfer graphic data from the computer. The
driver for these printers also includes an extra resolution option that
enables 600 dot per inch output for the LaserJet IV. These LaserJet
enhancements are available in the registered version only.

<Section 12.1.3:  PostScript>
     If you specify a Postscript printer, you also have an additional
choice. You need to choose whether to produce color output or black and
white output. Black and white Postscript printers will render colors as
various shades of gray using halftone screens. This is seldom desirable
when printing org charts. If you choose the black and white option here,
the color information is removed before the chart is sent to the printer
so that the entire chart will be printed in solid black. If you use color
in your charts for display purposes, but want to print them in black and
white, you can choose the black and white option here even if you have a
color printer.

<Section 12.1.4:  Epson>
     If you specify an Epson printer, you have an additional choice. There
are two types of Epson printer: 9 pin and 24 pin. The 24 pin printers
offer higher resolution and faster printing speed. If you choose the 24
pin option, ORCHIS will print at 180 dots per inch resolution. If you
choose the 9 pin option, ORCHIS will print at 144 by 120 dots per inch
resolution. If you have a 24 pin printer, you should select the 24 pin
installation option. (However, you may select the 9 pin option if, for
some reason, you wish to print at the lower resolution.) If you have a 9
pin printer, you must choose the 9 pin option.

<Section 12.2:  How does your computer communicate with your printer?>
     If your printer is connected directly to your computer by either a
parallel or a serial port, specify which port is used. ORCHIS will send
printer data directly to that port, bypassing DOS for maximum printer
speed. Alternatively, you can choose to output via DOS to the printer
device, PRN. You can also choose to capture printer data to a file. If you
choose this option, each time you print from ORCHIS, the print data will
be turned into a file named PRINTER.OUT. You can later copy this file to
your printer.